Alexander Ray Salmeron - 590 words (without titles)
This week I read two articles, "African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality, 1977-2004" by Matthew O. Hunt, and "The persistence of skin color discrimination for immigrants" by . Each article deals with the topic of inequality in America.
In "African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality, 1977-2004", Matthew O. Hunt conducted a research study which enabled him to localize and identify the beliefs of African-Americans, Hispanics, and Whites regarding the disadvantages African-Americans face in society. Hunt gathered data from his study through the General Social Survey (GSS), a sociological survey which has been active since 1972. The survey serves as access to distinctive race and ethnic beliefs. Hunt was also eager to understand whether or not the initial beliefs of each ethnic group increased or decreased over the span of two and a half decades. The ethnic background of respondents were observed throughout the study, along with their beliefs and mannerisms. The GSS provided data from 1977 to 2004. 3,000 respondents were integrated into the study, with a response rate varying between 74 and 82 percent. Characteristics of respondents include English-speaking adults, 18 years of age or older, and legal U.S. residents. Respondents were divided into three ethnic groups, Hispanic, African-American, and non-Hispanic Whites. Data which had been accumulated from 1977 to 2004 was solidified to form a sample of 13,517 non-Hispanic Whites, 858 Hispanics, and 2,022 African-Americans. The dependent variables of the sample include a question which prompted respondents to identify a reason behind African-Americans disadvantages in society. Four choices were proved. The first regarding a reason why blacks are disadvantaged. The second regarding a less-in born ability to perform in blacks. The third regarding lack of opportunity for blacks. The fourth regarding no motivation within the black community. The independent variable of this study included race/ethnicity, education, social class, age, gender, region of origin, political views, and religious status of respondents. Findings show that whites view the disadvantaged African-American community as a result of individual-centered choices, this view increased over time. Hispanics showed support for the option regarding motivation within the black community and it increased over time. African-Americans responded similarly to Hispanics.
In "The persistence of skin color discrimination for immigrants", Joni Hersch conducted a study to see whether wage discrimination amongst legal immigrants, based on skin color alone, is still prominent in the U.S. Hersch collected data from the New Immigrant Survey of 2003 and through the spouses of respondents. 8,573 married legal immigrants were interviewed. Only a portion of their spouses were interviewed, due to declination to participate by some. Four target strata were observed including spouses of U.S. citizens, employment-visa, diversity-visa, and every other visa forms. Spouses were minimally sampled, whereas employment and diversity-visa factors were highly sampled. Respondents were interview immediately after they obtained legal U.S. status. Approximately 4,334 spouses were interviewed. Spouses were sampled in order to identify differences from a prior study conducted by Hersch. Two differences were localized, each representing marital status of legal immigrants and the representative sample of immigrants, respectively. A log wage equation was used to measure a correlation between skin color, immigrant status, and wage rates of respondents.The dependent variable of the study was defined as the log of respondent's wages. The independent variable was identified as the specific observance of skin color. Respondents identified their skin colors using a 0-10 scale, with 0 representing albino and 10 representing the darkest human pigmentation. Findings displayed that skin color discrimination amounts legal immigrants is prominent within the U.S for both legal immigrants and their spouses. The darker the shade, the lower wages respondents received. Lighter skinned legal immigrants earn approximately 16-23% more than darker skinned legal immigrants.
Sunday, October 29, 2017
Jessica Vang
The purpose of the article "African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality" was the discrimination between African Americans and non-Hispanic Whites. We also get to see who will most likely to be discriminated and this is viewed from a General Social Surveys between 1977-2004. The focus is trying to seek the patterns that are consistent with our knowledge from national studies of inequality. It is the wealth and poverty where this article is focused on. The findings are found on Table 2 which talks about the percentage of saying yes. As you can see the table consist those who has a less in-born ability for non-Hispanic white around 2000-2004 has 10.3 less ability than others compare to the African American which is 13.9 and Hispanic 15.4. The author uses a coding schemes where he analyzes the beliefs of non-black respondents, and then distinguished them between African Americans, Hispanics, and non-Hispanics whites. Then, the next one is the lack of motivation of will power is compared by the least of non-Hispanic white would be 49.4, African American with 35.9, and Hispanic that falls in 50.6. There was changes over time about the inequalities and just like the whites, ethnic minorities change over time and believed to be declining.
The next article is "Jobs, Poverty, and Earnings in America". This article is about the effect of immigrant against black on labor forces level. Immigrants are not a substitute for African Americans because they have a similar background and work force and will more likely be competitors of African American. For their data and methods, they randomly sample about 150 metropolitans to primary areas and the relationship between recent immigrants and black economic outcomes. This effect the immigrants socially, economically, and demographically which typically changes overtime, but viewing this overtime the effect of immigration on black will improve a lot more, condition wise and economically.
Jessica Vang
Inequality Quiz
Alma Garcia, 416 words
"Africa American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality, 1977-2004" by Matthew O. Hunt uses data from the General Social Surveys (GSS) to map out the race and ethnic differences. The best evidence recently shown are from the last two decades where it continues to show that African Americans' disadvantage in jobs, education, income, assets and health. Scholars are moving beyond the difference on opinion of blacks and whites. Hunt mentions that studies have moved to Hispanics and Asians on beliefs about the cause of poverty and mental illness. Mentioned in the article Hispanics are like whites but different to African Americans. Other than viewing "white" world viewing there should be studies of multiethnic studies of other topics to advance our knowledge of a range of racial attitudes and beliefs for which non-Hispanic whites have been the only focus. Hunt mentions that Wilson wants research to be done on beliefs about different types of poverty levels. When Wilson partners up with Gilens they talk about having research expand more into understanding the different aspects of economic equality between different racial groups.
"Wealth Inequality Among Immigrants: Consistent Racial/Ethnic Inequality in the United States" states that using data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation and quantile regression, shows that race and ethnicity shapes immigrant wealth inequality. As stated in the article immigrants have different characteristics where the also get different opportunities due to their different racial and ethnic groups. Even though having a good social and financial stability is important for immigrants it is also important to know about their integration into the U.S. Being able to know how immigrant's experiences such as their immigrant status, education, and how well they know how to speak English, and their time spent in the U.S. affects their wealth income. The longer they live in the U.S. the better they get to know Americans customs and the opportunities that one can have. What was found doing this research was that blacks have the lowest amount of wealth than Latinos which are in the middle. It was found that it does affect immigrants just as much as the native born by which status they have in the U.S., the time that they have living in the U.S., and education that they have. The main things that help improve immigrants on their wealth situations are by their financial stable being, their immigrant status, their education, and their English proficiency, and as well as how long they have been living in the U.S. In the article it also states that at least 10% of them are sending more than $500 to their home country.
Sara Greenlee
Inequality Quiz
My choice of the required quiz article was, "African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality, 1977–2004" by Matthew O. Hunt. This article examines Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites beliefs on Black and White inequality, ranging from 1977-2004. To examine the races' beliefs on Black and White equality from this specified time period, Hunt examines data from the General Social Survey of 2004, specifically data dating from 1977-2004. The sample surveyed 3,000 total people, all English speaking, 18 years of age, or over. The dependent variable was asking the different races their reasoning behind why Blacks have, on average, worse incomes, jobs, and housing compared to Whites, spanning every couple years or so from when the survey participants were asked from the years 1977-2004. The independent variables included these of each survey participant: year, race, gender, class level, education level, affiliated political party, and what region on the South that they come from. As for the results of this article, to start, Hunt observed, that over the three decades spanning survey, there is a steady support of discrimination towards Blacks from Whites. A key finding of Blacks' view on inequality between Blacks and Whites, was that those whom are middle class, conservative, from Southern states, and female, differ from Whites on their view of discrimination, that being that they will less likely support it. As for Hispanics, their beliefs on inequality of Blacks and Whites, was in between what Blacks and Whites thought. Those who were more Liberal minded, agreed with Blacks, versus those who agreed with Whites, were more on the Conservative side. My article of choosing, was "Wealth Inequality Among Immigrants: Consistent Racial/Ethnic Inequality in the United States" by Matthew A. Painter II and Zhenchao Qian.
"Wealth Inequality Among Immigrants: Consistent Racial/Ethnic Inequality in the United States" examines how racial inequality, specifically racial inequality of immigrants, and how immigrants' racial inequality correlates to immigrants' wealth compared to native born citizens in the U.S. The independent variables being the immigrants' races, which are Asians, Latinos, and Blacks. Painter and Qian use data from the 2001 and 2004 SIPP to examine the racial inequality of immigrants. The SIPP included interviewing 15 year olds, and older, in U.S. households. This article also included control variables, which were from the life cycle (ie. Participants' incomes, education level, etc.) The article's results were that of Whites having the highest median wealth of $92, 217, followed by Asians with a medium wealth of 70, 275. Blacks and Latinos had similar medium wealths, which were $8425 and $9080.
Megan Dudley Soc 111 Inequality quiz
Megan Dudley, 346words
Inequality is a major component to our society and the article titled, "African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality;" talks about the specific inequality opinions from black and white populations here in the United States. History has shown that the African American populations have suffered the most discrimination and unequal opportunities whether that be with jobs, education, or neighborhoods. Now the United States is somewhat of a melting pot meaning we are a multicultural and diverse country. This concludes that there are many different races and ethnicities to take into account and that will just keep growing exponentially in the future. It is important to understand the opinions or beliefs of inequality particularly how they are thought about by race. Every person should have an equal chance at succeeding. The study reviews surveys to gather data, and looked particularly at age, gender, religion, education, income, etc. They looked at the trends of opinion thought by each race over time do really gage how groups are either changing their ideals or keeping them the same. It showed that the whites opinions were generally the same throughout the decades and remain consistent over time.
The next article is entitled, "Income Inequality and Social Disfunction" it is another review of literature about inequality in various countries and states. Many individuals believe that the poorest countries have the highest number of problems, however this article proves this is simply false. Poverty does not cause more problems in a society, in fact, richer countries and states have the most amount of problem within their societies. People tend to associate high rates of poverty determines access to resources and ultimately that education tends to be low as well. But, in reality the societies that are financially dominant actually tend to have a lot more problems. Inequality makes more difference within communities than income does overall. Inequality better explains the problems in society as opposed to income rates which generally only shapes education. This is true for the United States, inequality makes much more of an impact on individuals. inequality exists for many people making regular daily activities even more difficult for that particular individual.
Victoriano Gutierrez
Victoriano Gutierrez
446
African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs About Black and White Inequality, 1977-2004 analyzes the answers of 16,397 respondents (13,517= white; 2,022= African Americans; 858= Hispanics) from the 1977 to 2004 General Social Surveys conducted by the National Opinion Research Center. The data offers the person-centered explanation and the structural explanation for African Americans' inequality in America. The person-centered explanation incorporates traditional racism (innate inferiority) and motivational individualism (lack of will power, effort, and motivation). The structural explanation utilizes discrimination, and the lack of educational opportunity. During the 1970's to 1980's, most whites reasoned a person-centered explanation for African American inequality. Since, some whites have shifted to accept a structural explanation. In years prior, many African Americans used the structural explanation to defend their inequality. Recently, African Americans have begun to acknowledge motivational individualism. Though traditional racism has declined, and a structural explanation has inclined (African American rate is higher); more whites blame the person and motivational individualism rather than the structure. Contrastingly, motivational individualism has increased (white rate is higher); but, African Americans blame the structural explanation and discrimination or the lack of education opportunity rather than the person.
The Sociology of Discrimination: Racial Discrimination in Employment, Housing, Credit, and Consumer Markets explains that individual, organizational, and structural systems' use intentional or unintentional discrimination, which goes unacknowledged. Owners and managers discriminate against minorities because they are violent, lazy, welfare dependent, untrustworthy, and unassimilated. On average employers prefer white employees 50%-240% more. Neighborhoods and communities show signs of discrimination too. The Department of Housing and Urban Development audited 5,500 paired tests in 30 metropolitan areas between 2000 and 2002. Results reflected racial steering to keep people living in similar race neighborhoods/ communities. The 1991 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act supplemented by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston found that African Americans and Hispanics had an 82% chance of rejection for a loan. Credit markets utilized redlining and subprime lending to aid minority communities with minimal mortgage funds and minimized loans.
Both articles sufficiently exercise the person-centered attitude whites have towards minorities. On average, whites criticize that African Americans are lazy, unmotivated, and untrustworthy in explanation for African American inequality. Possibly, some white employers, managers, and owners also have a person-centered attitude towards African Americans. These employers do not give African Americans a chance for employment because they feel their attitude towards them is so true. This belief about African Americans continues through housing, credit, consumer markets, the criminal justice system, and education. Money is not the key to happiness, but for some individuals and households money makes a big difference and plays a huge part. Prejudice attitudes leads to discrimination in employment, housing, education, and the criminal justice system. The constant discrimination throughout these factors along with many other factors of life create a never-ending cycle of inequality where one cause effects another.
Victoriano Gutierrez
Victoriano Gutierrez
446
African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs About Black and White Inequality, 1977-2004 analyzes the answers of 16,397 respondents (13,517= white; 2,022= African Americans; 858= Hispanics) from the 1977 to 2004 General Social Surveys conducted by the National Opinion Research Center. The data offers the person-centered explanation and the structural explanation for African Americans' inequality in America. The person-centered explanation incorporates traditional racism (innate inferiority) and motivational individualism (lack of will power, effort, and motivation). The structural explanation utilizes discrimination, and the lack of educational opportunity. During the 1970's to 1980's, most whites reasoned a person-centered explanation for African American inequality. Since, some whites have shifted to accept a structural explanation. In years prior, many African Americans used the structural explanation to defend their inequality. Recently, African Americans have begun to acknowledge motivational individualism. Though traditional racism has declined, and a structural explanation has inclined (African American rate is higher); more whites blame the person and motivational individualism rather than the structure. Contrastingly, motivational individualism has increased (white rate is higher); but, African Americans blame the structural explanation and discrimination or the lack of education opportunity rather than the person.
The Sociology of Discrimination: Racial Discrimination in Employment, Housing, Credit, and Consumer Markets explains that individual, organizational, and structural systems' use intentional or unintentional discrimination, which goes unacknowledged. Owners and managers discriminate against minorities because they are violent, lazy, welfare dependent, untrustworthy, and unassimilated. On average employers prefer white employees 50%-240% more. Neighborhoods and communities show signs of discrimination too. The Department of Housing and Urban Development audited 5,500 paired tests in 30 metropolitan areas between 2000 and 2002. Results reflected racial steering to keep people living in similar race neighborhoods/ communities. The 1991 Home Mortgage Disclosure Act supplemented by the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston found that African Americans and Hispanics had an 82% chance of rejection for a loan. Credit markets utilized redlining and subprime lending to aid minority communities with minimal mortgage funds and minimized loans.
Both articles sufficiently exercise the person-centered attitude whites have towards minorities. On average, whites criticize that African Americans are lazy, unmotivated, and untrustworthy in explanation for African American inequality. Possibly, some white employers, managers, and owners also have a person-centered attitude towards African Americans. These employers do not give African Americans a chance for employment because they feel their attitude towards them is so true. This belief about African Americans continues through housing, credit, consumer markets, the criminal justice system, and education. Money is not the key to happiness, but for some individuals and households money makes a big difference and plays a huge part. Prejudice attitudes leads to discrimination in employment, housing, education, and the criminal justice system. The constant discrimination throughout these factors along with many other factors of life create a never-ending cycle of inequality where one cause effects another.
Saturday, October 28, 2017
Anthony Hernandez Soc 111
Anthony Hernandez, 468 Words
1. African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality
The article examines the personal beliefs of African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites about the reasons why there is a socioeconomic divide between blacks and whites in the United States. The author uses the data from the General Social Surveys from the years 1977 up until 2004 for the basis of their analysis. The dependent variable examined four different reasons as to why the gap exists: discrimination, inborn ability, education, and motivation.
During the 1970s and 1980s, a majority of whites claimed that the lower socioeconomic status of blacks was due to their lack of will/effort. The author noted that "traditional racism" declined over the last few decades of data as a reason why blacks had a lower socioeconomic status in which whites believed that it was the blacks' genetic makeup that prevented them from achieving a higher status. "Motivational individualism" became an increasing common belief as to how whites think about blacks' socioeconomic status which refers to their lack of will/effort. African Americans commonly believe that the socioeconomic gap between blacks and whites can be contributed to discrimination but they are less likely to claim that the lack of will/effort is the cause of the gap. However, African Americans and Hispanics are more likely to combine both of these reasons as the cause for the black/white gap in the United States. Over the course of the decades taken place, whites have commonly shifted to the idea that motivation and education are the main causes of the socioeconomic gap.
2. Race, Ethnicity and the Quality of Life in America
This article examines whether or not an immigrant's skin color will affect the amount of wages they earn using data collected from the New Immigrant Survey from 2003. The individuals they examine include immigrants who obtained legal status as well as their spouses who were U.S. natives or immigrants who had also gained citizenship. The variables taken into account include the amount of wages made per hour as well as the skin color of an individual rated by a number system, 0 being albino and 10 being the darkest skin color.
In their findings, the article determine that immigrants of darker skin color receive less payment from wages compared to immigrants with lighter skin color by 16 to 23 percent. The data viewed concludes that this disparity between skin color earnings is present across years of data which demonstrates that this discrimination is an ongoing phenomenon. The author notes that even when finding a job where skin color isn't important, there is still a difference present in the amount of wages earned in these types of jobs amongst different skin colored immigrants. Native born U.S. spouses did not show any sign of wage gap that is statistically significant when compared to immigrants who gained citizenship as a result of not having a large amount of data collected for U.S. spouses.
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