Nathanuel Brown

Nathanuel Brown,Word Count 450

Article #1:  "African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality, 1977-2004".

The methods used in this article was by using the General Social Survey or GSS (Hunt, 396). The GSS is a survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center or NORC. The GSS has a survey size of 3,000 with a 82% response rate (396). Also, the GSS uses people who are 18 and older who live in non-institutionalized settings in the United States. The GSS is a survey that looks for trends in minority samples (396).

The first two tables used by the author Matthew Hunt found that whites tended to attribute a lack in ability for blacks as a reason for their inequality throughout the late 90's and early 2000's. However, there was a reduction in whites saying that motivation is the cause of inequality. Hunt's third table has findings of whites decline from ability reasoning for inequality, but an increase in the motivation reasoning for inequality of blacks and whites (399). Whites being the one giving the judgement of blacks. Another important trend is that non-hispanic whites seem to be choosing none, as in rejecting any reason for the gap between blacks and whites, has tripled (399).

Furthermore, there shows to be a decline in many areas. Whites ability reasoning is going down and blacks structural reasoning is going down. The inverse is happening, and therefore, an equalizing effect is occurring. Blacks are actually increasing in their opinion of ability as reasoning for inequality (400). Originally, whites attributed inequality more towards ability than structural reasoning, and blacks attributed inequality more towards structural reasoning than ability.

Article #2: "Race, Ethnicity and the Quality of Life in America,1972-2008".         

The methods used in this article was by using the General Social Survey or GSS (Coverdill et, al 783). The GSS is a survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center or NORC. The GSS has a survey size of 3,000. Also, the GSS uses people who are 18 and older who live in non-institutionalized settings in the United States. Coverdill, Lopez, and Petrie use the GSS to assess four different variations of happiness among different races to determine quality of life (789).

The variations of happiness are categorized as: overall happiness, marital happiness, trust, and health status. Here in this study, it shows that gaps are closing as whites trust levels have gone down and blacks overall happiness have gone up (799). Also, latinos are an under researched group under the lens of equality because it is addressed as a black and white issue. However, quality of life is a minority and majority issue. Finding show that latinos have an overall lower quality of life compared to non-latinos (800). Latinos are a growing minority that are identifying as white rather than black lowering the quality of life results for whites(800).

  

Samantha Sparks

Article #1 – "African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality" by Matthew O. Hunt

 

                For this study, Hunt used data from General Social Surveys (GSS) from 1977 to 2004, to figure out if African Americans, Hispanics, and non-Hispanic whites differ in their reasonings for the socioeconomic divide separating blacks and whites in the U.S. In this study, a sample size of approximately 3,000 English-speaking adults, 18 years and older, living in the U.S. were used. Data from 1985 to 2004 included 16,397 respondents that consisted of 13,397 non-Hispanic whites, 2,022 African Americans, and 858 Hispanics. Respondents were asked the following question: "On the average, blacks have worse jobs, income, and housing than white people. Do you think these differences are… A. Mainly due to discrimination; B. Because most blacks have less in-born ability to learn; C. Because most blacks don't have the chance for education that it takes to rise out of poverty; D. Because most blacks just don't have the motivation or will power to pull themselves out of poverty." Response choices were Yes or No. From 1985 to 2004, the percentage of Non-Hispanic whites that said "Yes" explaining the Black/White Gap was "due to discrimination" dropped from 40.9% to 31.0%; African Americans dropped from 76.6% to 60.7%; and Hispanics dropped from 60.6% to 40.7%. For "less in-born ability", Non-Hispanic Whites saying yes dropped from 20.7% to 10.3%; African Americans dropped from 15.8% to 13.9%; and Hispanics dropped from 17.3% to 15.4%. For "lack of chance for education", Non-Hispanic Whites saying yes dropped from 51.8% to 43.2%; African Americans dropped from 67.8% to 54.0%; and Hispanics went from 56.1% to 42.8%. Lastly, for "lack of motivation or will power", Non-Hispanic Whites saying yes dropped from 62.4% to 50.0%; African Americans increased from 35.9% to 44.9%; and Hispanics dropped from 55.7% to 50.6%. In conclusion, this data shows that there is an established decline in support with non-Hispanic whites for traditional belief in the inborn inferiority of African Americans in th4e 1990s and early 2000s. Whites also show a steady belief that discrimination is a factor, however African Americans show a decrease support for discrimination as a factor.  African Americans and Hispanics demonstrate increasing support for the motivational factor.

 

Hunt, Matthew O. "African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality, 1977-2004." American Sociological Review 72.3 (2007): 390-415. Web.

 

 

Article #2 – "Race, Ethnicity and the Quality of Life in America, 1972-2008" by James E Coverdill, Carlos A Lopez, and Michelle A Petrie

 

For this study, they used the General Social Survey from 1972 to 2008, that had data on the quality-of-life measures in the U.S. (789). The question asked to indicate marital happiness included, "Taking all things together, how would you describe your marriage?" (790). The question asked for overall happiness was, "Taken all together, how would you say things are these days?" (790). The question to indicate self-assessed health included, "Would you say your own health is excellent, good, fair, or poor?" (790). Questions to specify trust (helpful, fair, trust) included 3 questions: "Would you say that most of the time people try to be helpful, or that they are mostly just looking out for themselves?", "Generally speaking, would you say that most people can be trusted or that you cant be too careful in life?", "Do you think most people would try to take advantage of you if they got the chance, or would they try to be fair" (790). Lastly, the question asked to indicate satisfaction with financial situation included, "We are interested in how people are getting along financially these days. So far as you and you're family are concerned, would you say that you are pretty well satisfied with your present financial situation, more or less satisfied, or not satisfied at all?" (790). Findings showed that the gaps of quality of life regarding race has slightly declined. 

 

 

Coverdill, James E., Carlos A. López, and Michelle A. Petrie. "Race, Ethnicity and the Quality of Life in America, 1972-2008." Social Forces 89.3 (2011): 783-805. Web.

Vanessa Rodriguez Word 356

In the article, Earning differentials among Male African immigrants in the United States by Moore. Is a study in where they analyzed how immigrants and where they come from it possibly affect they're socioeconomic in the United States. In this survey, they used an estimate of 5 percent of the participant in 1990 US Census of Population and housing (Moore 2002). In this survey, they had a restriction in age and they only analyzed males from group ages 24 to 64 years old (Moore 2002). In order for them to see what were the differences in the amount they made they look at the language they spoke. As well as the level of education, they earn, and what type of jobs they were working at. In their finding, they found out that African males on average made more than other counties like Egypt and Cape Verde. In 1990 the Africans were making an average of 59,000 and Cape Verde made less since they achieved less education than those in Africa. That concludes they had a hard time figuring out with other countries and immigrants how much they earned without seeing other facts that could influence the study.

 

In the article, African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Blacks/White Inequality by Hunt are a study that focuses on African American disadvantages in democratic principles. They measure the disadvantages the Africans had by looking into their jobs, income, and education. The data for this survey General Social Survey which was conduct in 1977 to 2004, there was an estimate of 3,000 participants for this study. In their finding, they found out that Whites have a decline in racial sentimental and that fairly support in the discrimination mode. That has been increasing over time meaning that they believe that there was no discrimination going on (Hunt 2007). Although African Americans and Hispanic believe this is inequality because of discrimination against African Americans. They also believe there was a gap between whites and blacks based on the way Hispanics and African American's beliefs. That concluded it all depends on racial attitudes, beliefs, and how races are being targeted in discrimination.

 

Erisa Holguin; Inequality Quiz

Erisa Holguin; 466 words

There is no doubt that there is a socioeconomic divide between blacks and whites.  When asked to explain why there is this divide, African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites give differing responses. In the article, Hunt asks if explanations of the socioeconomic divide are changing over time and if so in what way? To find out the answers to these questions Hunt uses the General Social Surveys from 1977-2004. As the results showed, the trend of whites explanation to the socioeconomic divide increasingly was education and motivation and less ability. When blacks were asked about the divide they were twice as likely to say that it was caused by discrimination than both Hispanics and whites. When lack of motivation was used as the explanation whites were the highest percentage to agree while blacks were the least. There is believed to be two reasons why a person-based explanation might be used. One is just plain racism and the belief that whites are superior to blacks.  The second is the thought that blacks are being lazy and unmotivated. This thought of course coincides with whites wanting away with the Welfare program. There is a bad stereotype with welfare that leads people to assume all those on it are lazy and at home doing nothing. A lot of people also believe that African Americans make up the the majority of people receiving welfare. Both of these stereotypes are very incorrect and must be addressed. Over time what the information has shown is that increasingly whites are saying more and more that blacks are equal and are simply behind socioeconomically due to their own faults. The studies show whites belief in this explanation has almost tripled since the late 1980's. What still is the biggest explanation among whites as to why there is any socioeconomic divide is lack of will or motivation. Among blacks the motivation explanation went up, while the education and discrimination explanations declined. Despite this, the majority still believe more in the latter as the explanation to the socioeconomic divide. 

     In the article of Jobs, Poverty, and Earnings in American Metropolises: Do Immigrants Really Hurt The Economic Outcomes of Blacks, the information focuses on how immigration has an effect on poverty, participation, and earnings among black people. The effect created a long conclusion of findings that concluded middle-class African Americans benefiting from immigration and the increase among populations, yet resulting in not being affected in the long run due to the increase of immigrants across these populations. The methods of such included random sampling of over 130 Metropolitan areas, both statistical and primary where results included four tables that states in a linear way that immigrants take in place of those African Americans and how much immigrants have an effect on Black economic outcomes.

Crystal Medrano

                                                                                                              Crystal Medrano

                                                                                                                         521 words

Race, Ethnicity and the Quality of Life in America, 1972-2008

A previous study by Hughes and Thomas in the 1980's, about the white-black quality of life gap, was examined and replicated to seek data that included Latinos. The purpose was to take a new approach and extend the quality of life findings of three race groups white, blacks and Latinos. Hence, hypothesizing that Mexican-Latinos would have less satisfaction with their quality of life, due to significant barriers. Data was gathered from the General Social Survey of 2000-2008 to measure for any trends. Dependent variables measured were marriage and overall happiness, health perception, trust, and financial satisfaction. Independent variables from the previous study were used, with the addition of gender, religious attendance and place of birth. When analyzing the 2000-2008 data, a robust standard error strategy was used.

Results found that the measurable quality of life variables and race significantly decreased during the years and showed that in fact, attending religious services did influence Latinos happiness; something that Hughes and Thomas did not examine in their study. Latinos were categorized as "other category," and when measured with that label, it was found that whites had a higher quality of life than Latinos. Moreover, the hypothesis was not supported even when controlling for certain variables such as income and education, because of the different Latino identities. But, Latinos overall did have poorer life satisfactions than whites, decreasing the gap between whites and blacks from the previous study, due to the patterns found in the extended analysis.

           

Earnings Differentials Among Male African Immigrants in the United States

The study aimed to examine African American male immigrants of different African countries and their income earnings within the U.S. It also aimed to understand how the skills/jobs they acquire from their country over to the U.S could be used (or not) and how that affected their economic success. Two questions were asked, and they focused on the impact of their country of origin and success in the U.S and the English language disadvantage of African immigrants. To gather data, the 1990 U.S. CPH and OLS regression were used to examine 9 African groups, who were between 25 and 64 years old and categorized by either being English speaking or not English speaking.  There were many factors that were found to affect an immigrant's economic success, which were grouped into three independent variables, human capital, characteristics of employment and controlled demographic factors.

            Findings found that the number of weeks and hours worked, occupation and residence greatly impacted African immigrant's financial situation within the U.S. South Africans had the highest benefits and financial earnings than all other groups, in which they attained ten of the variables and Liberian immigrants had the least of only two. When examining the skills that English and non-English immigrants have from the country they migrate and being able to use them in the U.S, it was found that it took over five years for Cape Verde immigrants to adapt and in all, it could be seen that those that don't speak English had much more barriers, causing them to have lower wages. Therefore, the groups that understood and spoke the English language had and increased advantage of income success than those that didn't.

Audelina Madrid Soc 111

Audelina Madrid (500, words)

April 15, 2018

Soc 111

Professor Timothy Kubal

Inequality

The required article for this section is African, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/ White Inequality,1997-2004. This article analyses data from 1997 to 2004 from the General Social Surveys and it is looking for answers regarding the socioeconomic status gap between Blacks and Whites. The authors investigate many factors that may contribute to the gap and they also involved non-White Hispanics opinion on this issue. For one of the surveys the author compares the socioeconomic status of Blacks and Non-Hispanic White to see what were some factors that contribute to the differences of their socioeconomic status. One important thing that the researchers found out is that racism has decline but they still found a grate disadvantages in some areas such as jobs and housing for the Black community. The data also shows that Hispanics are in a different socioeconomic status than blacks and Whites, but the data tables show that Hispanics stand in the middle of the gap between Blacks and Whites socioeconomic status. Table one of the data shows factors that affect the socioeconomic gap, which some are education, gender, religion and three other ones. Table two explains how each factor affect each group and it shows that African Americans still lack from self-motivation.

One of the articles that I read about inequality is Jobs, Poverty, and Earnings in American Metropolises: Do Immigrants Really Hurt the Economic Outcomes of Blacks? The authors of the article wanted to find out if immigrant do take the jobs from African Americans in metropolitan areas. So, they saw data from 1980's and 1990's to see what some of the problems were that involved these two groups. They found out that immigrants from that time did take the jobs from African Americans, but those immigrants were from India, Europe and Russia to name a few. The authors of this article used current data from the 2000 census and they also did stratified random sample from a metropolitan area of about 150 persons. They also change the independent variable and the dependent variable. They came up with three different graphs to explain the different variables. In the first graph explains some factors that might affect the outcome of the survey, the second graph explains the factors that may cause a Black person from not getting a better job than an immigrant and the jobs that African American don't like to do. The third graph explains how immigrants don't take the jobs from Africans and rather make help African Americans get better paying jobs in the metropolitan areas.

Both articles talk about Blacks socioeconomic status and which factors are responsible for it. They also mention how after many years of segregation in the work place Blacks still must face many challenges because of their race or ethnic background. Blacks and Non- White Hispanics are becoming powerful minority groups, but it is very depressing that Non-White Hispanics are not well represented in social surveys.   

Adriana Chavez

Adriana Chavez

Word Count:525

Inequality Quiz

The article, "African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality" explores how Hispanics, Blacks, and Whites feel about the gap of inequality between blacks and whites. This research gathered data from the General Social Surveys (GSS) that run from 1977-2004 to determine if the beliefs of people of people that include non-Hispanics has changed when it comes to black/white inequality from the 1990's to the early 2000's. It's important to note that participants of these surveys went from 1,000 (1970's) to 3,000(2004) whose demographic consisted of 18 years and above, which yielded high respondence rates (74-84%). The evaluation of the data took into consideration dependent and independent variables. The dependent variables considered questions like the causes of the differences that cause blacks to have lower incomes, jobs, etc. when compared to whites. Four options were then given to respond yes or no to; A. related to discrimination, B. related to in-born ability, C. related to the opportunity at education, and D. related to motivation of the black individual. Two of the options were "person-centered" and the other two were "Structuralist." Findings showed that whites and blacks who answered yes to the structuralist options were in the high 60 percentage wise while Hispanics show a lower 60 percentage. In the case of those who answered yes to person-centered options, Whites came at the highest with 88.6% and Hispanics and Blacks had a difference of 2.2 percent with the former at 81% and the latter at 79.2%. Conversely, "no" answers to structuralism and person-centered yielded lower percentage rates and were not aligned like the yes answers. In all this, the independent variables (coded identification) measured were race and age(years). Overall, evaluations showed that non-Hispanics continue to believe less, that the cause of inequality among whites/blacks has to do with the person while the belief seems to be increasing with whites.

The article, "Race, Ethnicity and the Quality of Life in America, 1972-2008" looks at how one's race/ethnicity plays a role in the sense of the life people live. To measure this in a conceptualized way an ordinal scale and partial proportional odds model whose date is taken from (GSS) were used. The things that researchers used to determine the quality of race/ethnicities were martial happiness, overall happiness, health status, and trust (dependent variables). Although religious attendance was not a factor measured it did seem to have a significant in how participants felt about their overall happiness. Independent variables important to this study was race. Findings showed that whites continue to lead a better-quality life than their African American counterparts and the gap is significant which was true even years back. An interesting factor that contributes to black individual's overall happiness was when they gained something whereas when a person had they a lose they experienced a diminished sense of trust. Unsurprisingly, other races and Latinos had a lower quality of life than Whites. In the case of Latinos, researchers theorize that the lower quality of life may be due to this could be because many Latinos may identify as white. However, the problem with using conceptualized models to determine the quality of life of different races is that people experience things different, perceive it differently, and traits of people within communities are harder to measure.

Inequality Quiz (Elizabeth Bautista M-W 1pm)

Elizabeth Bautista

April 15, 2018

Race, Ethnicity and the Quality of Life in American 1972-2008

The article Race, Ethnicity and the Quality of Life in America 1972- 2008, focuses on extending research on black-whites gaps and their quality of life. To find the data the researchers used the General Social Survey, where they focused on Latinos. Their analysis measured the satisfaction of their financial conditions. The quality-of-life measured was coded so that higher values meant their where "better states". The dependent variable for the research where martial happiness, trust, self-assessed health status and overall happiness. For the Independent variables they used the years of education completed, marital status, employment status, and age and in 2008 new variables where added such as attendance of religious services and gender. The respondents had to answer questions regarding if they where Spanish, Hispanic, or Latino/ Latina. Other questions where about their marriage, their health, happiness, trust and their satisfaction of their financial situation.  The results showed that Latinos as a whole population had a lower style of living than other groups. The control variables like education and income did not affect the Latino effects. The result showed that Mexican- origin Latinos do not have a lower quality of life than Non-Mexican peers. The racial gaps of black-whites seem to change in the future due to the demographics.

 

Skin Tone, Race/ Ethnicity, and Wealth Inequality among New Immigrants.

The article "Skin Tone, Race/ Ethnicity, and Wealth Inequality among New Immigrants", focuses on the integration of immigrants in the US society. The influence of immigrants and their ability to help improve the economy. The authors also focus on financial well-being and how skin tone and race/ethnicity contribute to wealth inequality. The data for this research was collected from The New Immigrant survey. This survey focuses on the relation between skin-tone and race with wealth among Legal Permanent Residents. The survey consists of 8,573 legal permanent residents, of 18 years of age. The interviewers where interviewed in person and where asked questions about skin-color. The results showed there is a stereotype on how skin-tone is related to how a person is treated.  Darker skin-tone individuals are considered to be less intelligent or have a lower education.  This also affects the probabilities of a darker skin person to find employment. Over all the results do support the hypothesis that darker-skinned immigrants have lower level of wealth and will most likely not own assets. Immigrants with the minority status and darker skin-tone will face more disadvantages than Whites and light-skinned immigrants.

Inequality- Jesus B. Lopez

Jesus B. Lopez

Word Count 403

 

Inequality

 

The article entitled "African American, Hispanic, and White beliefs about Black/White Inequality, 1977-2004," by Matthew O. Hunt, tries to provide evidence for why African Americans compared to Whites and Hispanics have a feeling of disadvantage when it comes to being equals in societies socioeconomic status.

Selected data was used from passed surveys from the General Social Surveys between the years 1977 through 2004.  The question asked for the dependent variable was "on the average, blacks have worse jobs, income, and housing than white people.  Do you think these differences are, A. Mainly due to discrimination; B. Because most blacks have less in-born ability to learn; C. Because most blacks don't have the chance for education that it takes to rise out of poverty; D. Because most blacks just don't have the motivation or will power to pull themselves out of poverty."  Non-Hispanic whites score higher in choosing a motivational explanation compared to blacks.  African Americans were more towards choosing the discrimination factor.  From the 1990s and early 2000s we see a decrease in the support of the belief in the innate inferiority of African Americans amongst non-Hispanic whites.

 

The next article I chose is titled, "Understanding Latin American Belief's about Racial Inequality," by Edward Telles and Stanley Bailey.  This article takes a look at the racially diverse population of Latin America to see their ideas on equality within their countries.  The United States and Latin America are very similar when it comes to racial hierarchies.  One difference that sets them apart is the idea of mestizaje, which was an idea to unite people together through mixed race population. The method used for the findings involved eight countries data from the 2010 AmericasBarometer survey.  These countries were Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mecxico, and Peru.  Each person that was surveyed was asked the following.  According to the Census, indigenous persons/black persons/darker sin persons are poorer.  What do you thnk is the main reason for that? 1. Because they do not work hard enough; 2. Because they are less intelligent; 3. Because they are treated unfairly; 4. Because they have a low educational level; 5. Because they do not want to change their culture.  A second dependent variable was also added to narrow the possible explanations. "do you believe that indigenous persons/black persons/darker sin persons are treated 1. Much better; 2. Better; 3. The same; 4. Worse; 5. Much worse than white persons?"  Findings of this survey showed that Latin Americans showed to chose structural explanations for their disadvantage for those who associate themselves as being of a multiethnic race.

CRE Inequality Quiz

CelithaEdwards

388 words

Inequality Quiz

 

In the article, "African American, Hispanic and White Beliefs about Black/ White Inequality, 1977-2004", researchers set out to gauge the relationship between a respondents race and their explanation of division between blacks and whites, with a concentration on socioeconomic inequality (Hunt 2007). The researchers were also interested in the effect that time may have in changing one's opinion on the inequality in America.  The method used to gather the data was extracted from a national General Social Survey spanning between 1977 and 2004 (Hunt 2007)

Their findings were; time does appear to have an association with the respondent's opinion changing (Hunt 2007). Nonwhite Hispanics no longer follow the trend of biased thinking, such as; attributing socioeconomic inequality to the inferiority of Blacks.  Instead the research shows promising data. Non-Hispanic Whites now explain the inequality as a result of lack of motivation or education, but not genetics (Hunt 2007).

Despite the optimistic data, there are still some key points that the researchers have yet to discover. These research does not directly address why blacks are disenfranchised. This data also shows a distinct difference in opinion on the matter of discrimination. Blacks and Hispanics are more likely to blame the socioeconomic inequality on discrimination in the structural level, in America (Hunt 2007). Between Blacks and Hispanics, Blacks are always more likely to blame discrimination for inequality(Hunt 2007). Non-Hispanic Whites do not draw this same conclusion as readily as blacks and Hispanic minorities.

 

The second article, "Race Ethnicity and the Quality of Life in America, 1972-2008", made good use of the rich data gathered through the national General Social Survey. The general social survey gathers information on a respondent's overall happiness in 4 areas, marriage, health and trust, finances and overall happiness (Coverdill, Lopez, Petrie, 2011). Most data on the issue has focused on the differences present between blacks and white's subjective happiness. This research is similar to the first article because it explores the effect race has on the respondent's answers. However, in contrast this article places special attention on the Latino community.

            This research yielded results that confirm, Latinos have an overall poor life of quality in comparison to non-Latinos (Coverdill et al., 2011). This research goes beyond the surface by further separating the Latino group based on place of origin. This research suggests that Latinos that hail from Mexico and those from other Latin Countries have differences in their overall happiness and finances (Coverdill et al., 2011). Not only does race appear to directly manipulate a person's life quality, their specific country of origin swings the pendulum of success 1 way or the other.

 

 

 

 

 

Alonzo Cason Inequality Quiz

Alonzo Cason

473 words

 

 

            This week's topic covered and focused on inequality, an everlasting topic that's always a hot bed of debate and discussions. Compared to some of the past topics we've had this one is one that majority of the class has some experience with whether by past discussions or experiences it's an issue we all have at least seen or experienced in some way which in turn greatly helped me in reading the assigned articles and getting a key understanding on the topic through a sociological perspective. The first article I read was that of "African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality" by Matthew O. Hunt. The article in question looked at as the title indicates through that of the various races views on the inequality between Black/white. It highlighted that most of the information it was using came a 1977-2004 (GSS) to help survey and map racial differences in favor for, trends in, and the root of the seven "modes of explanation" for blacks' disadvantage. The article is quick to explain the vast difference between whites and black's views on inequality with blacks being more likely to support a discrimination explanation regarding inequality. Last semester, my Africana studies professor briefly discussed something like this with the class, he discussed at length how people who've never faced adversity or struggles always put the people who are struggle against it as being nothing more than lazy, not good enough, or they simply lack the "it" factor. That past discussion lead to me to an article on the website of futurity, titled "3 Areas that Show Americas Racial Inequality" by Milenko Martinovich-Stanford. The article looked at the 3 most important areas in America's society structure that shows the clear evidence of inequality those areas being of housing, employment, and health. It discussed that African Americans are ranked lowest in all 3 categories and went into details how business even discriminate against them while hiring. We've briefly discussed these same areas as being clear indicators of inequality. Prof. Kubal earlier in the week talked about a past study that showed that businesses are more likely to hire a white ex-convict than an African-American.  This topic helped showed me that there is factual proof to it and its not some blown out of proportion issue. I should know I've both faced and experienced discrimination in my life and this week's topic truly highlighted the major issues its causing and proved it needs to be addressed and not just in a "Ohh we'll fix it when we can." No, Inequality will always be an issue in society until the day people can finally look past the color of a person's skin and look at their character. Because, who are we to judge a individual on their appearance and not of who the individual is.

Silvia Nieto

In the article Race, Ethnicity and the Quality of Life in America, the authors stretch out their research on black and white race gaps by looking into General Social Survey data that demonstrate the differences in the quality of life of races. They have two ways in order to elaborate this research and those are by looking at the quality of life from self identification of Latinos and their racial group and by examining new advancements for dependent variables. In order to track differences between blacks and whites, they used six dependent variables in order to receive differences between blacks and whites from 1972-1996. All these variables were able to track their family life, friendships, place of residency, health, happiness, etc. In the end result, it is argued that the white and black gap in the quality of their life's had slimmed down or either stayed the same. There was a significance but still a decline of race between the four different quality of life measures which would be the overall happiness, health status, trust and marital happiness. There was a big difference amongst those of Mexican Latinos and people from other locations with only two quality of life measures which were financial satisfaction and overall happiness. Results also showed that Latinos have a quantity of life that is much lower than those who are not Latino.

In the article Spatial Dimensions of Racial Inequality: Neighborhood Racial Characteristics and Drug Sentencing, the author talks goes into detail on the nature of drugs involving race by researching the jobs of neighborhood ethnicity and demographical traits on end results for drug defendants in the city of Sacramento. Both the length and rate were inspected by groups. First, they came up with models that had numbers of people that may have been fined sentences, in jail, prison or probation per population and filing. What was found was that in Black neighborhoods, defendants of drug felonies were punished right after arranging through an up rate of prison per filing. They also demonstrated a bigger rate of sentencing per populace but it was not a significant rate. For Latinos, what drives them the sentencing in their neighborhoods are primary patterns of categorizing. Based on ones race, the sentence length does not changed or differ from others, though the prison rate of sentences for probation does.

Omori, M. (2017). Spatial Dimensions of Racial Inequality. Race and Justice, 7(1), 35-58.

Coverdill, James E., Lopez, Carlos A., & Petrie, Michelle A. (2011). Race, Ethnicity and the Quality of Life in America, 1972-2008. Social Forces, 89(3), 783-805.

Alvaro Murillo

Inequality quiz

In the first article African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality, 1977-2004 It talks about what non-hispanic whites and african americans/hispanics believe is the cause for a major difference in the B/W SES gap. The research explains how a majority of whites believe that there is a gap because african americans lack willpower or effort instead of the old traditional thinking of genetic inferiority. The studies show that over time whites have declined in their opinions of traditional individualism or "traditional racism" while still maintaining a steady opinion on motivational individualism. The majority of blacks on the other hand and hispanics believe there is a gap due to discrimination in the system. The studies conducted throughout the years focused on surveys which contained questions that were either person individual centered or structuralist on this gap issue. Whether there was a difference in housing, income, and education between african americans and whites was the dependant variable and race ethnicity was the independent variable. The findings showed whites have decreased in structural issues and lean more towards individualism as the issue but not by a large margin. Interestingly enough discrimination among blacks and hispanics has decreased as well but it is believed to be because the hispanics are thought to become more assimilated throughout the years and agree more with non hispanic whites over time. Over time African americans and hispanics however have increased opinion on mixed modes which refers to both individualist and structure as a part of the problem. The study also shows that younger african americans are more likely to support the discrimination mode unlike conservative african americans who are more likely to be motivational individualists and are less likely to support the discrimination mode.

The second article Race ethnicity and Quality of Life in America researchers study the quality of life of hispanics in areas such as marital happiness, trust, financial satisfaction, and health status. In contrast to the first article which focuses mainly on inequality in society and such factors this article focuses more on the emotional aspect of life and quality of life between different races. The studies show that hispanics live an overall lower quality of life than whites. Also lower quality of life than non-latinos. The studies explain how latinos who come straight from Mexico have a harder time than latinos who come from countries such as Cuba or Puerto Rico. This could be because of the immigration status issues that other latinos do not have to worry about. This also reduces the gap of quality of life between blacks and whites because of the impact latinos make in this study. Both of these articles can be analyzed when looking at inequality in society as they both make a strong impression that in this country whites are favored more than other minorities. This favoritism towards whites may possibly lead them to live a "happier" and successful life than other racial groups such as blacks and hispanics. The gaps between races do seem to move throughout the years in the opinionative matters, but when you analyze economics, ways of living, housing, education, and happiness, the one thing that seems to always be the same is the way in which whites always generally tend to be favored in many important aspects of society, and do not believe the system is structured to be in that manner.

Race and Inequality

                                                                                     Josephine Renforth
                                                                                                                   596 words

In the article "Does Black Socioeconomic Mobility Explain Recent Progress Towards Black-White Residential Integration? "  Wagmiller, GageBouchard, and Karraker explore residential intergration from early twentieth century, "The Great War" (World war I), Pre-Civil Rights, Civil Rights Era, and Post Civil Rights Era.  The issue of Socioeconomic status of Blacks using the measure of residency, addressing issues of segregation as well as socioeconomic resources for African Americans. In metropolitan settings, does education "dampen progress" for African Americans?  Is three direct or indirect in housing markets?  Over time has the black-white residential segregation changed?  The research questions are What proportion of the decline in residential segregation is attributable to upward social and economic mobility among blacks?  What is attributable to socioeconomic and the ability for blacks to use their resources to obtain housing? What forms of social mobility have been most central to to the decline in in segregation?

The sample used was 2,426 African Americans, aged  45. The age was used to ensure educational attainment was reached, marriage/family, as well as career was established, home-ownership and residency was firmly set. Using the Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition method to identify intracohort change in resentence segregation then using ordinary Least Squares regression.

The findings are that Pre-Civil Rights Era, AfricanAmericans had fewer education opportunities and were more likely to have to move from black neighborhoods for integration. In the Civil Rights Era, educational attainment increase as did socioeconomic, with 25% increase in stratification. However, the special assimilation has be attributed to population change in special assimilation over time. Ultimately the integration of Black and White Americans has not dramatically changed over the past 50 years.

 

IN the article: "African American, Hispanic, and White Beliefs about Black.WhiteInequality, 1977-2004.{"

Researcher Matthew O. Hunt, used GSS data from 1977 through  204 to evaluate the views of African Americans, Hispanics, and Whites on the Black/White Socioeconomic System have changed.

In the study Hunt addresses that Black Americans have faced inequality for over 100 hears. He cites the work of W.E.B. DuBois research from 1903 on the "Dual Consciousness" that Blacks live and navigate in American Society because "The Color Line."  This is significant to the research because attitudes, public policies, racism, and resources for housing and jobs impacted African Americans were affected.

The  research method used the GSS from 1977 – 2004.  There were 3,000 respondents, two-thirds identified as White, Blacks and Hispanics making up the other third nearly equally.

The research revealed that I the past, Whites felt that the inequality that Blacks experienced was realed to "ability" the ridiculous notion of racial inferiority, and, with lack of motivatin, being a close seond. This views are rooted in traditional racism and lead to policies that further restriction life cances for African Americans, for example, welfare reform, on the belief (and continued belief) that lack of motivationis the primary cause, not structural polices that disadvantage blacks. 

The research shows that the views of whites have become more liberal, finding that the inequality that black face today is related to structure, although, motivation and ability did garner some responses.  In 1977.   The view of whites addressing cause in 2004, respondents reported increase in motivational cause by 5 percentage point, education by over  5 percentage points.  Hunt believes that syndications that the white respondents want to believe that the American Economic system is fair.   Meanwhile black respondents had a small increase in causation being "ability" related, as well as Motivationup from 7.0 to 13.3 in 204. Hispanics also cited Motivation as a primary factor in 2004 at 2109%, twice as many from  the 1985-89 survey.  

Alexia Jimenez-Carrillo

Alexia Jimenez-Carrillo 484 Words

 

            In the article Race, Ethnicity and the Quality of Life in America the researchers conduct a study to see how happy blacks and Latinos are. The research wants to find out how happy they are in their marriage, and overall. They also analyze their health and their trust levels.

            The methods to this article are asking males and females a series of questions. This survey differs from Hughes and Thomas's study previously done and this one actually tracks the sex of the persons conducting the survey. The sex of the person taking the survey did not affect the findings. They also ask about their religious services per week that was also not previously recorded. In this article, they ask how much money they make in a year, how much education they have completed, if they are employed or not, married or not married, and their age. The last part that they asked and targeted Latinos with was if they were born in the United States or not. Latinos had not been previously included in previous surveys until the year 2000 when it became available. This survey wanted to distinguish Mexicans who were the majority of Latinos in this survey.

            The findings in this article are that blacks have a lower health status than whites. This was done in the first survey of blacks compared to whites. Blacks were the lowest in trusting other, financial happiness, marital happiness and happiness overall. There are some slight changes between 1970's to 1990's. When the survey was conducted again in 2000 blacks were slightly happier than whites in some cases areas. There is still a gap in happiness between white and blacks. Latinos also show to be less happy than whites. Latinos have larger gap in happiness than other non-Latino people.

In the article Beyond Hispanic/Latino: The importance of gender/ethnicity-specific earnings analyses the research between White and Latino earning gaps. In this study, they also focus on gender between Hispanics and Whites.

The methods that this article used were examining male and female Latinos to White men. The controlled variables were their education, if they speak English, their work knowledge, what they worked as, where they were born, if they were married or not, and lastly if they had any children. They were asked these questions on a 1-4 scale. 1, being very well and 4, not at all. In this study, they used a statistical equation to measure the outcomes of each race and category.  

The findings were done by ethnicity group. They would record the data by sub group. They broke it down as white, Cubans, Puerto Ricans, and Mexican's ranked the lowest for income. Cubans ranked the highest in every area but speaking English. Puerto Ricans ranked the highest percent in speaking English. Mexican women make the least amount of money as they work in farms and low paying jobs. The gap between Whites and Latinos is less when Latinos are separated by sub groups. All groups consisted the gap that was expected in compared to Whites except for Cubans. After controlling the countries characteristics, Cubans were able to close the gap a little.

 

 

 

ELICIA CARRILLO

Elicia Carrillo, 443 words

The article, African American, Hispanic and White Beliefs about Black/White Inequality, intends to determine whether the opinions of African Americans, Hispanics and Whites differ in their reasoning of the socioeconomic stratification that divides Black and White people. If there are any differences, the study also researches if they have changed over time. To uncover any differences of opinion, data from the 1977-2004 General Social Survey. The GSS was referenced to note any racial differences in explanations for the disadvantages and limited opportunities of Blacks. The dependent variable was the following question: "On the average, blacks have worse jobs, income, and housing than White people. Do you think these differences are… A. Mainly due to discrimination, B. Because most Blacks have less in-born ability to learn, C. Because most Blacks don't have the chance for education that it takes to rise out of poverty, D. Because most Blacks don't have the motivation or will power to pull themselves out of poverty."  Independent variables applied to the study were Race, Class, Gender and Region. 

                The study determined that African Americans are likely to adopt a structuralist perspective. That is, Blacks have developed a mindset similar to that expressed by Non-Hispanic Whites. Over time, Blacks have blamed the individual for their lack of opportunity. Non-Hispanic Whites, however, have ceased to blame the individual and have become more educated and aware of how Blacks experience inequality and structuralism. They are more likely now, than ever before, to adopt the concept that inequality is due to the education and economy. However, despite becoming more like one another, Non-Hispanic Whites still blame the individual more, whereas Blacks are more likely to blame society. There now exists convergence with little continuation.

                In the article, Mark of a Criminal Record, Devah Pager set to discover whether an individual with a criminal background influences an employers desire to hire them. Pager takes it a step further by including race as a possible determinant. Pager seeks to uncover discrimination in the workplace. She is interested in combining race, gender and criminal record. The design of the study has been suggested to question ethical regard as Pager uses four 23-year-old males, two Blacks and two Whites. Each were paired by race; the two Black men formed one team, while the remaining two Whites formed the other. Fictitious resumes and applications were used to have the teams similar in characteristics. Names were also altered to eliminate any bias or possible stereotypes. One of the two men were assigned a criminal record as they applied for job openings. After applying for jobs, the researcher waited to observe who received a call-back or interview.

                The study determined that employers were less likely to call-back or request an interview for those men who indicated a criminal record. Surprisingly, however, employers were more likely to contact White men with criminal records than Black men with a criminal background. Even more surprising, was that employers were also far likely to hire a White man with a criminal history than a Black man without a criminal record. Overall, regardless of a criminal record, White men were still the preferred employee.